Spelling of this surname is still often interchanged with Elbin, Elban, and Elbon, Elben, Elborn, Elvin, Elburn, Elbourne, and von Elben. Having several people with these names take the DNA test will help prove or disprove family connections and help us do better research. If you are having a family hardship and are unable to pay, please email me and we can talk about it, marafrench@mindspring.com. See above paragraph for ordering a test.

The Immigrants

There is another John G. Elben or Ebken born ca. 1840 in Germany, arrived in the U.S. in 1866 and lived in 1920 in Pittsburgh, Allegheny Co., PA. He m. Minnie in Germany.

Anna Margarete Elbin of Germany

Anna Margareter Elbin is listed on the passenger and immigration list of 1753, immigrating to New England in America from Wuerttemberg, Germany.

John Elbin of Maryland – a Misconception?

John Elbin is listed as immigrating on the “Ark and Dove” on 25 Mar 1634 from Gravesend near London, England (then to Cowes, Isle of Wight) and arrived at St. Clement’s Island, Maryland transported by John Saunders. See: http://www.immigrantships.net/v2/1600v2/ark_dove16340325.html. However, I’ve also seen documentation that the name was Elkin and really not Elbin at all. It seems John Elkin killed Indian Chief Wococomocco and went on trial, got acquitted, and the judge did not like the verdict, dismissed the jury, ordered a new one, and they convicted him.

"It was March 25, 1634, the initial day of Spring and the first day of the Julian Calendar, as well as the Feast of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin, all of which were propitious for joyous and solemn celebration and a memorial day for each Adventurer, who had survived the voyage of 123 days or slightly over four months from the sailing from Cowes to their destination. They selected the larger of three islands lying near the shore of the Potomac not too far distant from the mainland to disembark. To the island they gave the name of St. Clement after the fourth Bishop of Rome. Father White directed several of his retainers to construct a huge cross from one of the native trees. It was hastily hewn together and, on that virgin day of Spring in 1634, led by Father White who was assisted by Father Altham, all the Roman Catholics, and not a few of the Anglicans, gathered for the first sacrifice of the Roman Mass ever to have been celebrated in one of the Original Thirteen English Colonies."

Through research, it appears Elbin was misread and should have been Elkin, whose name appears numerous times as an early immigrant to Virginia from Staffordshire, England, but Elbin or Elben never appears otherwise at that early date.

"John Elbin, A. B. H., fol. 65-66, John Elkin, 1633, liber 1, fol. 20, John Elkms, 1633, fol. 38, liber 1," the Society's list. Upon careful examination the name is John Elkin on each folio quoted, and the engrosser's error which appeared in the executive list, i.e., "John Elbin," is evidently responsible for the mistake giving two names for one man. From “Side-lights on Maryland History, with sketches of early Maryland families” by Hester Dorsey Richardson.

Checking ancestry.com, Ralph Elkin (1636-1690) headed England’s first permanent colony in America – in Virginia. His merchant father, John Elkin, was b. 1588 in England, d. 1642, immigrated 1634 at age 46 to Virginia; however, he returned to England and died there in 1642.

Elben Families from Germany

According to the Elben website on ancestry.com, http://www.ancestry.com/facts/Elben-places-origin.ashx, most Elbens came from Germany, and only 20% came from England. These records came from the NY Passenger List, 1820-1957. These German Elbens immigrated from Bremen, Germany and traveled through Southampton, England, and then to NYC, on the ship “Saale”. Other Elbens from Hungary and Austria also left thru Bremen. Ancestry.com shows 30 people named Elben who were born in Germany.

S. S. Saale Steamengine

http://content.ancestry.com/Browse/View.aspx?dbid=7488&path=1891.7.14.Saale.1

There was a William Elben, age 27, b. 1864, a miller in Germany who immigrated to NY with his wife Leora, age 24, b. 1867 and is on the passenger list on p. 11 of 13.

H. Richter, master of the s/s Saale Steampship at Bremen, Germany from Southampton on July 14, 1891. There were 741 passengers.

Citizenship of the Elbon Family

If the Elbon family immediately were able to own land in Maryland, they probably were from England, as the English were already considered citizens of the new colony, but the Germans had to obtain naturalization papers before they could own land. No naturalization papers have been found for the Elbon family.

Naturalization Law

The original United States Naturalization Law of March 26, 1790 (1 Stat. 103) provided the first rules to be followed by the United States in the granting of national citizenship. This law limited naturalization to immigrants who were "free white persons" of "good moral character". It thus left out American Indians, indentured servants, slaves, free blacks, and later Asians. While women were included in the act, the right of citizenship did "not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States...." Citizenship was inherited exclusively through the father. This was the only statute that ever recognized the status of natural born citizen, requiring that state and federal officers not consider American children born abroad to be foreigners.

In order to address one's "good moral character," the law required two years of residence in the United States and one year in the state of residence, prior to applying for citizenship. When those requirements were met, an immigrant could file a Petition for Naturalization with "any common law court of record" having jurisdiction over his residence. Once convinced of the applicant’s good moral character, the court would administer an oath of allegiance to support the Constitution of the United States. The clerk of court was to make a record of these proceedings, and "thereupon such person shall be considered as a citizen of the United States."

The Act also establishes the United States citizenship of children of citizens, born abroad, without the need for naturalization: "the children of citizens of the United States that may be born beyond Sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered as natural born Citizens".

The Act of 1790 was superseded by the Naturalization Act of 1795, which extended the residence requirement to five years.

Major changes to the definition of citizenship were ratified in the nineteenth century following the American Civil War. The Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 granted citizenship to people born within the United States regardless of their parents' race, citizenship, or place of birth, but it excluded untaxed Indians (those living on reservations). The Naturalization Act of 1870 extended "the naturalization laws" to "aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent." The 1898 Supreme Court court decision in United States v. Wong Kim Ark grants citizenship to an American-born child of Chinese parents.

The remainder of Native Americans were finally granted citizenship in 1924, whether or not they belonged to a federally recognized tribe; by that date two-thirds of Native Americans were already US citizens. The 1952 naturalization act prohibits racial and gender discrimination in naturalization.[3]

Surname Elben

See: http://names.mongabay.com/data/e/ELBEN.html

Where does ELBEN rank in the most common names in the U.S.?

ELBEN is identified by the U.S. Bureau of the Census as a surname with more than 100 occurrences in the United States for the year-2000 U.S. Census. In "Demographic Aspects of Surnames from Census 2000", the Census Bureau tabulated the surnames of all people who had obtained Social Security Numbers by the year 2000.

ELBEN ranks # 118236 in terms of the most common surnames in the United States for 2000.

ELBEN had 136 occurrences in the 2000 Census, according the U.S. government records.

Out of a sample of 100,000 people in the United States, ELBEN would occur an average of 0.05 times.

Race / ethnic origin: The race categories shown in these files are the modified race categories used in the Census Bureau's population estimates program. All people were categorized into six mutually exclusive racial and Hispanic origin groups: "White only", "Black only", "American Indian and Alaskan Native only", "Asian and Pacific Islander only", "Two or More Races", and "Hispanic".

For the last name of ELBEN the Census Bureau reports the following race / ethnic origin breakdown:

· 95.59 percent, or 130 total occurrences, were "Non-Hispanic White Only"

· 0 percent, or None reported total occurrences, were "Non-Hispanic Black Only"

· Insignificant percent, or Less than 100 total occurrences, were "Non-Hispanic Asian and Pacific Islander Only"

· 0 percent, or None reported total occurrences, were "Non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaskan Native"

· Insignificant percent, or Less than 100 total occurrences, were "Non-Hispanic of Two or More Races"

· Insignificant percent, or Less than 100 total occurrences, were "Hispanic Origin"

NOTE: Fields suppressed for confidentiality are assigned the value "Insignificant"

The presentation of data on this site focuses on summarized aggregates of counts and characteristics associated with surnames, and, as such, do not in any way identify any specific individuals.

All data is derived from David L. Word, Charles D. Coleman, Robert Nunziata and Robert Kominski (2008). "Demographic Aspects of Surnames from Census 2000". U.S. Census Bureau.

Surname Elbin

See http://names.mongabay.com/data/e/ELBIN.html.

ELBIN is identified by the U.S. Bureau of the Census as a surname with more than 100 occurrences in the United States for the year-2000 U.S. Census. In "Demographic Aspects of Surnames from Census 2000", the Census Bureau tabulated the surnames of all people who had obtained Social Security Numbers by the year 2000.

ELBIN ranks # 95567 in terms of the most common surnames in the United States for 2000.

ELBIN had 177 occurrences in the 2000 Census, according the U.S. government records.

Out of a sample of 100,000 people in the United States, ELBIN would occur an average of 0.07 times.

For the last name of ELBIN the Census Bureau reports the following race / ethnic origin breakdown:

· 99.44 percent, or 176 total occurrences, were "Non-Hispanic White Only"

· 0 percent, or None reported total occurrences, were "Non-Hispanic Black Only"

· Insignificant percent, or Less than 100 total occurrences, were "Non-Hispanic Asian and Pacific Islander Only"

· 0 percent, or None reported total occurrences, were "Non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaskan Native"

· 0 percent, or None reported total occurrences, were "Non-Hispanic of Two or More Races"

· Insignificant percent, or Less than 100 total occurrences, were "Hispanic Origin"

NOTE: Fields suppressed for confidentiality are assigned the value "Insignificant"

The presentation of data on this site focuses on summarized aggregates of counts and characteristics associated with surnames, and, as such, do not in any way identify any specific individuals.

Various Elben Families

http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/Search/ancestorsearchresults.asp?last_name=Elben&standardize=N

Ancestral File

1. Anna Louisa ELBEN - Ancestral File
Gender: F Birth/Christening: Jun 1845 , , New Jersey

2. Arthur ELBEN - Ancestral File
Gender: M Birth/Christening: 13 Mar 1902 Wieippi, Id

3. Charles L. ELBEN - Ancestral File
Gender: M Birth/Christening: 23 Mar 1912 Moscow, , Idaho

4. Curt Von ELBEN - Ancestral File
Gender: M Birth/Christening: < 1483 <Of, Hatzfeld, Hesen-Nasssau, Prussia>

5. Darlene ELBEN - Ancestral File
Gender: F Birth/Christening: 29 Feb 1928 Salt Lake City, Utah

6. John ELBEN - Ancestral File
Gender: M Birth/Christening: 22 Feb 1837 Utica, Licking, Ohio

7. Katharine Luise Von ELBEN - Ancestral File
Gender: F Birth/Christening: Abt 1691 <Of Ublick, Ostpreussen, Prussia>

8. Mary ELBEN - Ancestral File
Gender: F Birth/Christening: < 1827 <, , Licking Co, Oh>

9. Roy ELBEN - Ancestral File
Gender: M Birth/Christening: < 1891 <, Cowley Co., Kansas>

10. Rufus ELBEN - Ancestral File
Gender: M Birth/Christening: 13 Jun 1898 Salina, Sevier, Utah

11. Rufus ELBEN - Ancestral File
Gender: M Birth/Christening: Abt 1835 Licking Co., Ohio

12. Ruth ELBEN - Ancestral File
Gender: F Birth/Christening: < 1902 <Comfort, Boone, Wv>

13. Ruth ELBEN - Ancestral File
Gender: F Birth/Christening: 2 Sep 1901 <Salina, Utah>

14. Samuel ELBEN - Ancestral File
Gender: M Birth/Christening: 30 Nov 1965 Licking Co., Ohio

15. Sophie Charlotte ELBEN - Ancestral File
Gender: F Birth/Christening: 9 Sep 1826 Stuttgart, Neckar, Wuerttemberg, Germany

16. William ELBEN - Ancestral File
Gender: M Birth/Christening: < 1811 <Utica, Licking, Ohio>

17. William Ernest ELBEN - Ancestral File
Gender: M Birth/Christening: 3 Jan 1873 Cloverland, In

Census - 1880 US Census

18. George ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Illinois
Self Gender: Male Birth: <1842> OH

19. Sarah ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Illinois
Wife Gender: Female Birth: <1842> OH

20. William ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Illinois
Son Gender: Male Birth: <1867> OH

21. John ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Illinois
Son Gender: Male Birth: <1868> OH

22. Henry ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Illinois
Son Gender: Male Birth: <1870> IL

23. Daniel ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Illinois
Son Gender: Male Birth: <1873> IL

24. George ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Illinois
Son Gender: Male Birth: <1878> IL

25. Mary C. ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Ohio
Self Gender: Female Birth: <1841> OH

26. Scott ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Ohio
Son Gender: Male Birth: <1859> OH

27. Mary H. ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Ohio
Dau Gender: Female Birth: <1863> OH

28. Floyed ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Ohio
Son Gender: Male Birth: <1861> OH

29. Alice ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Ohio
Dau Gender: Female Birth: <1871> OH

30. Frank ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Ohio
Self Gender: Male Birth: <1857> OH

31. Eliza J. ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Ohio
Wife Gender: Female Birth: <1854> OH

32. Hugh ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Ohio
Son Gender: Male Birth: <1878> OH

33. Mary ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Ohio
Self Gender: Female Birth: <1837> OH

34. Aron ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Ohio
Son Gender: Male Birth: <1857> OH

35. Emma ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Ohio
Dau Gender: Female Birth: <1860> OH

36. Mary L. ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Pennsylvania
Mother L Gender: Female Birth: <1817> NJ

37. Levi ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Ohio
Other Gender: Male Birth: <1844> OH

38. N. T. ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Pennsylvania
Other Gender: Female Birth: <1845> PA

39. C. B. ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Pennsylvania
Other Gender: Male Birth: <1841> NJ

40. William ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Kentucky
Self Gender: Male Birth: <1833> PRUSSIA

41. Magdelina ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Kentucky
Wife Gender: Female Birth: <1828> PRUSSIA

42. Charles ELBEN - 1880 United States Census / Kentucky
Son Gender: Male Birth: <1863> PRUSSIA

International Genealogical Index - North America

1. Albert Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Death: 08 JUL 1861

2. Albert Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: <Male> Death: 30 DEC 1902

3. Albert Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Death: 30 DEC 1902

4. Alexander Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: 15 AUG 1851 Roberts, , Henderson, Kentucky

5. Anna Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 1793 <, Roane, Tennessee>

6. Anna Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 1793 , , Virginia

7. Anna Louisa Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: JUN 1845

8. Anna Louisa Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: JUN 1845 , , New Jersey

9. Anna Louisa Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: JUN 1845 , , New Jersey

10. CAROLINE ELBEN - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Marriage: 04 FEB 1881 , Stark, Ohio

11. Clement Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: About 1839 , , New Jersey

12. CLEMENT B. ELBEN - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Marriage: 21 DEC 1864 1st Presbyterian Church, Pittsburgh, Allegheny, Pennsylvania

13. Daniel Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: About 1873 , , Illinois

14. Darleen Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 29 FEB 1928 Salt Lake City, Salt Lake, Utah

15. DARLEENE ALBEN ELBEN - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 29 FEB 1928 Salt Lake City, Salt Lake, Utah

16. DARLENE ELBEN - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Christening: 06 MAY 1928 Salt Lake City, Salt Lake, Utah

17. Della Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 27 JAN 1885 , Shelby, Illinois

18. Edward Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: 1789 , , Virginia

19. Elizabeth Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 1798 , , Virginia

20. EMMA ELBEN - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Marriage: 12 JUL 1885 , Putnam, Ohio

21. Florence Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 23 JUL 1891 , Shelby, Illinois

22. FRANK ELBEN - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Marriage: 23 OCT 1885 , Licking, Ohio

23. George Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: About 1842 , , Ohio

24. George Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: About 1878 , , Illinois

25. Hannah Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Death: 16 DEC 1798 , , Virginia

26. Helen Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 22 JUL 1903 Salina, Sevier, Utah

27. Henry Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: About 1867 , , Illinois

28. Hugh Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: , , Ohio

29. Isaac Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: 1781 , , Virginia

30. Israel Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: 1786 , , Virginia

31. Joe Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: 30 DEC 1893 Manhattan, New York, New York

32. Johann Kaspar Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: <Male> Death: 26 AUG 1783

33. John Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Christening: 20 FEB 1837

34. John ELBEN - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: < 1837> <Agusta, , Bracken, Kentucky>

35. JOHN ELBEN - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: 22 FEB 1837 Layton, Auglaize, Ohio

36. John Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: <Male> Birth: 20 FEB 1837 , Licking, Ohio

37. John Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: <Male> Birth: 20 FEB 1837 , , Ohio

38. John Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: 20 FEB 1837 , Licking, Ohio

39. John <ELBEN> - International Genealogical Index

Gender: <Male> Birth: 20 FEB 1837 Of, , , Ohio

40. John Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: 20 FEB 1837 , Licking, Ohio

41. John Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: 20 FEB 1837 , Licking, Ohio

42. John Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: About 1840 , Bracken, Kentucky

43. John Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: About 1840 Of Agustin, , Bracken, Kentucky

44. John Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: About 1840 Of Agustin, , Bracken, Kentucky

45. John Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: < 1847> <Saint George, Washington, Utah>

46. John Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: < 1847> <Saint George, Washington, Utah>

47. John Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: < 1847> <Saint George, Washington, Utah>

48. John Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: About 1865 , , Ohio

49. JOHN ELBEN - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Marriage: 22 MAR 1872 , Putnam, Indiana

50. JOHN ELBEN - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Marriage: 13 APR 1887 Saint George, Washington, Utah

51. John B. Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Marriage: 21 OCT 1884 Ann Arbor, Washtenaw, Michigan

52. John William Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Death: Before 1797 , Loudoun, Virginia

53. John William Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Death: Before 1797 , Loudoun, Virginia

54. John William III Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: 1796 , , Virginia

55. Kezziah Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 1783 , , Virginia

56. Laurel Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 09 SEP 1906 Salina, Sevier, Utah

57. Laurel Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 09 SEP 1906 Salina, Sevier, Utah

58. Laurel Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 09 SEP 1906 Salina, Sevier, Utah

59. LEVI ELBEN - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Marriage: 18 DEC 1880 , Madison, Ohio

60. LEVI ELBEN - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Marriage: 14 NOV 1881 , Coshocton, Ohio

61. Lucrecia Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: About 1841 , Sullivan, Tennessee

62. Mary Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 14 APR 1750 , , Virginia

63. Mary Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 20 MAY 1788 , , Virginia

64. Mary Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: About 1807 , , Pennsylvania

65. Mary Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: About 1807

66. MARY ELBEN - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Marriage: 29 SEP 1853 , Holmes, Ohio

67. MARY ELBEN - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Marriage: 04 MAY 1873 , Putnam, Ohio

68. Mary Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 1874 , New York, New York

69. Mary Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 1874 , New York, New York

70. Mary Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 1874 , New York, New York

71. Mary Ann Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 05 DEC 1861 Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

72. Michael William ELBEN - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: 31 DEC 1945 Decatur, Macon, Illinois

73. Mr. Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: 1810 , , Maryland

74. Mrs. Mary L. Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 1817 , , New Jersey

75. Myrtle Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 16 MAR 1881 , Shelby, Illinois

76. Nancy Ann Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: About 1835 , Sullivan, Tennessee

77. PENELOPE KATHEREN JEAN ELBEN - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 31 JAN 1954 St, , , Louisiana

78. Rachel Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 30 JUL 1753 , , Virginia

79. Retha Flo Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Female Birth: 04 MAY 1921 Terre Haute, Vigo, Indiana

80. ROELF ELBEN - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Marriage: 20 AUG 1878 , Allegan, Michigan

81. Rufus Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: 13 JUN 1898 Salina, Sevier, Utah

82. Rufus Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: 13 JUN 1898 Salina, Sevier, Utah

83. Rufus Elben - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: 13 JUN 1898 Salina, Sevier, Utah

84. RUFUS ELBEN - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: 13 JUN 1898 Salt Lake City, Salt Lake, Utah

85. RUFUS ELBEN - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Birth: 13 JUN 1898 Salina, Sevier, Utah

86. RUFUS ELBEN - International Genealogical Index

Gender: Male Marriage: 20 JUN 1925 Salt Lake City, Salt Lake, Utah

87. Ruth Elben - International Genealogical Index